NETWORKING CHEATSHEET

 

 

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OSI (Open Systems Interconnection):

 

Layer:	description:
Layer 1 - Physical layer:	This is the physical and electrical medium for data transfer. It includes but is not limited to cables, jacks, patch panels, punch blocks, hubs, and MAUs. This layer is also known as the physical plant. Concepts related to the physical layer include topologies, analog versus digital/encoding, bit synchronization, baseband versus broadband, multiplexing, and serial (5-volt logic) data transfer. If you can touch a network element, it is part of the physical layer, which makes this layer one of the easiest to understand. The unit of measurement used on this layer is bits.
Layer 2 - Data link layer (DLL):	This layer establishes, maintains, and decides how transfer is accomplished over the physical layer. Devices that exist on the DLL are network interface cards and bridges. This layer also ensures error-free transmission over the physical layer under LAN transmissions. It does so through physical addresses (the hexadecimal address that is burned into the ROM of the NIC), otherwise known as the MAC address (to be discussed more later in this lesson). Just about any device that makes a physical connection to a network and has the ability to move data is on the data link layer. The unit of measurement used on this layer is frames.
Layer 3 - Network layer	This layer is dedicated to routing and switching information to different networks, LANs, or internetworks. This can be on a LAN or WAN (wide area network). Devices that exist on the network layer are routers and IP switches. Here, we are getting into the logical addressing of hosts. Instead of physical addresses, the addressing system of the computer is stored in the operating system—for example, IP addresses. Now you can see that a typical computer will really have two addresses: a physical or hardware-based address such as a MAC address, and a logical or software-based address such as an IP address. Part of the trick in networking is to make sure the two addresses get along together. The unit of measurement used on this layer is packets.
Layer 4 - Transport layer:	This layer ensures error-free transmission between hosts through logical addressing. Therefore, it manages the transmission of messages through layers 1 through 3. The protocols that are categorized by this layer break up messages, send them through the subnet, and ensure correct reassembly at the receiving end, making sure there are no duplicates or lost messages. This layer contains both connection-oriented and connectionless systems, which will be covered later in the book. Inbound and outbound ports are controlled by this layer. When you think "ports,"" think the transport layer. The unit of measurement used on this layer is sometimes referred to as segments or messages. All layers above this one use the terms "data" and "messages."
Layer 5 - Session layer:	This layer governs the establishment, termination, and synchroni-zation of sessions within the OS over the network and between hosts—for example, when you log on and log off. This is the layer that controls the name and address database for the OS or NOS. NetBIOS (Network Basic Input Output System) works on this layer.
Layer 6 - Presentation layer:	This layer translates the data format from sender to receiver in the various OSes that may be used. Concepts include code conversion, data compression, and file encryption. Redirectors work on this layer, such as mapped network drives that enable a computer to access file shares on a remote computer.
Layer 7 - Application layer:	This layer is where message creation - and, therefore packet creation - begins. DB access is on this level. End-user protocols such as FTP, SMTP, Telnet, and RAS work at this layer. For example, suppose you are using Outlook Express. You type a message and click Send. This initiates SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol) and other protocols, which send the mail message down through the other layers, breaking it into packets at the network layer and so on. This layer is not the application itself, but the protocols that are initiated by this layer.

 

 

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Useful ports:

 

Port number:	Associated Protocol:	Full Name:
21	FTP	File Transfer Protocol
22	SSH	Secure Shell
23	Telnet	Terminal Network
25	SMTP	Simple Mail Transfer Protocol
53	DNS	Domain Name System
80	HTTP	File Transfer Protocol
88	Kerberos	Kerberos
110	POP3	Post Office Protocol Version 3
119	NNTP	Network News Transfer Protocol
137-139		NetBIOS Name, Datagram, and Session Services respectively
143	IMAP	Internet Access Message Protocol
161	SNMP	Simple Network Management Protocol
389	LDAP	Lightweight Directory Access Protocol
443	HTTPS	Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure (uses TLS or SSL)
445	SMB	Server Message Block
1701	L2TP	Layer 2 Tunneling Protocol
1723	PPTP	Point - to - Point Tunneling Protocol
3389	RDP	Remote Desktop Protocol (Microsoft Terminal Server)

 

 

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Cables:

 

Cable Type	Speed
Category 3	10 Mbps
Category 5	100 Mbps
Category 5e	100 Mbps / 1 Gb networks
Category 6	1 Gb networks

 

 

 

 

Cabling Standard	Medium:	Maximum Distance
100BASE-FX	Multi - Mode Fiber Single - Mode fiber	Half suplex: 400 meters Full duplex: 2 km Full duplex: 10 km
100BASE-SX	Multi - Mode Fiber	Half suplex: 550 meters
100BASE-BX	Single - Mode Fiber	40 km
100BASE-LX10	Single - Mode Fiber	10 km
1000BASE-SX	Multi - Mode Fiber	550 meters
1000BASE-LX	Multi - Mode Fiber	550 meters
1000BASE-LX	Single - Mode Fiber	5 km
1000BASE-LX10	Single - Mode Fiber	10 km
1000BASE-ZX	Single - Mode Fiber	70 km
1000BASE-BX10	Single - Mode Fiber	10 km
10GBASE-SR	Multi - Mode Fiber	26 - 82 meters
10GBASE-LR	Single - Mode Fiber	10 - 25 km
10GBASE-LRM	Multi - Mode Fiber	220 meters
10GBASE-ER	Single - Mode Fiber	40 km

 

 

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Wi-fi:

 

IEEE 802.11 Standard	Data Transfer Rate (Max.)	Frequency
802.11a	54 Mbps	5 GHz
802.11b	11 Mbps	2.4 GHz
802.11g	54 Mbps	2.4 GHz
802.11n	300 - 600 Mbps	2.4 / 5 GHz

 

Wireless Encryption Protocol	Description	Encryption Level (Key Size)
WEP	Wired Equivalent Privacy	64 - bit
WPA2	Wi-Fi Protected Access	256 - bit
TKIP	Temporal Key Integrity Protocol	128 - bit
AES	Advanced Encryption Standard	128 / 192 / 256 - bit